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Myos Hormos (), later also Aphrodites Hormos (), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), MYOS-HORMOS was a significant ancient port in Egypt, situated on the Red Sea, and was active during the Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt periods.
The settlement is believed to have been founded during the Ptolemaic period, possibly under Ptolemy II Philadelphus (283–246 BC), Excavations carried out recently by David Peacock and Lucy Blue of the University of Southampton, identified it with the present-day site of Quseir al-Quadim (old Quseir), eight kilometres north of the modern town of El Qoseir in Egypt. Excavations at the site revealed that the port thrived most during the 1st century AD, but declined by the 3rd century AD.
After the Ptolemies, it was with Berenice (further south on the Red Sea coast) one of the two main ports in Roman Egypt for trade with India, Africa and probably China.
Some of its main destinations were the Indus, Muziris and the Kathiawar peninsula in India. The coastal trade from Myos Hormos and Berenice along the coast of the Indian Ocean is described in the anonymous 1st century AD handbook Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.
first comes Egypt's port of Myos Hormos, and beyond it, after a sail of 1800 stades to the right, Berenice. The ports of both are bays on the Red Sea on the edge of Egypt.Lionel Casson, Ramsay MacMullen (1989). The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. Princeton University Press p. 51.It was one of the main trading centers on the Red Sea.Dario Nappo (2010). 'On the location of Leuke Kome' Journal of Roman Archaeology Vol. 23, pp. 335-348.
According to Strabo (II.5.12), by the time of Augustus, up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India:
The port of Myos Hormos was connected to the Nile valley and Memphis by a Roman road, built in the 1st century.
Myos Hormos was a diverse, multi-ethnic community, as evidenced by the various languages spoken and the presence of foreign residents. The analysis of inscriptions, including two Tamil language inscriptions dated to the first century AD, indicates commercial connections with South India, particularly the region of Arikamedu. In addition to Tamil, other languages such as Greek, Latin, South Arabian, Nabataean Arabic, and Palmyrene have been attested. There is textual evidence of a small military presence in the town; a garrison of 50-100 soldiers was stationed there from the first century CE into the early second century, though no direct archaeological evidence of a military structure has been found.
A 2020 study suggests that the port's decline began earlier, in the 2nd century AD. Archaeological evidence shows that by the mid-2nd century, the harbor and settlement had already fallen into disuse. The site's abandonment may have been driven by the rise of northern ports like Clysma, which became more accessible and efficient with the opening of Trajan's Canal around 112 AD. These developments made the northern ports more favorable for Roman traders.
Only in the 17th century the port started to regain some importance, mainly because of holy travel from Cairo to Mecca. Myos Hormos is now the city of old Qusair. Articles and photos of Myos Hormos and actual Old Qusair (in Italian)
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